Are Portuguese cooperatives incomeappealing?

Abstract

Last 30 years: Several studies tried to understand if cooperatives were a good alternative to capitalistic firms and the answer was: apparently yes (namely, Craig and Pencavel, 1993; Estrin and Jones, 1998; Pencavel et al., 2006; Dow and Skillman, 2007; Podivinsky and Stewart, 2007; Fakhfakh et al., 2012;, Arando et al., 2012; Pérotin, 2012; Alves et al., 2014; Burdín, 2014; Dean, 2019); - Nevertheless, cooperatives represent only 3-4% on average of total firms (Dow, 2018). Why are they rare?